Malnutrition: Risks and Complications

Malnutrition refers to excesses, deficiencies, and imbalances in an individual’s intake of nutrients. It is categorized into two terminologies i.e. overnutrition and undernutrition. Overnutrition is also called as hyperalimentation. It is defined as a form of malnutrition in which the nutrient intake is overloaded. Hyperalimentation tends to cause when the amount of nutrition exceed for development, growth, and metabolism. This may cause vitamin poisoning. It causes overweight and obesity. Under nutrition is defined as insufficient intake of energy and nutrients required to meet individuals need in order to maintain good health.  Undernutrition results in weight loss, fatigue, sunken eyes, hollow cheeks, delayed wound healing, irritability, depression, and anxiety.

The risk of malnutrition arises due to the weight loss of surgeries and is caused because of gastric bypass surgery and also these are indirectly related to non-communicable diseases like heart stroke, cardiac arrest, diabetes and cancer.

Causes of malnutrition are:

• Geriatric individuals living in poverty, having digestive problems, or a high risk of malnutrition.
•  People having limited access to food.
•  People having issues that affect nutrient absorption.

Risks of malnutrition:

•          Anemia
•         Osteoporosis due to insufficient vitamins and calcium
•          Growth and development issues in pediatrics and infants
•          Fertility issues
•          Irregular menstrual cycles
•          A decrease in immune function

Prevention and treatment:

The first and foremost method to overcome this condition is to have a healthy diet food having a rich of nutrients. High intake of fruits, vegetables, ample lean protein. Avoidance of processed food, beverages, and sugars.

Nutrition and diet tips for a healthy women

Women’s day is celebrated for a remarkable contribution of all the strong, brave and courageous women. Women the word itself signifies the power of transform, care, and nurture. So let us take immense pleasure to analyze the nutrient and dietary requirements for healthy women

Nutrition and regular exercise are the cornerstones of optimal energy in women’s health at every age. Women like men should enjoy a variety of healthy foods and dietary supplements, whole grains, fruits, vegetables, healthy fats, fat-free dairy, and lean protein.  Intake of right food boosts up the energy and helps in maintaining a healthy weight in different stages of women’s health.

Healthy eating plans:

·         Daily intake of whole grains such as whole-grain bread, whole-wheat cereal flakes, whole-wheat pasta, brown rice or oats.

·         5 ounce equivalents of protein such as seafood, lean meat, egg, beans, peanuts, and seeds.

·         Regular intake of whole grains such as whole grain bread, whole-wheat pasta, brown rice or oats.

Iron is the key stakeholder for good health and energy levels for women’s health prior to menopause. Food that is rich in iron content is chicken, turkey, fish, pork, spinach, lentils, beans. After the period of pregnancy, i.e. women after bearing child require a high amount of foliate so as to decrease or irradiate the congenital birth defects. Basically, a normal woman requires 400 mcg of foliate, 600 mcg of folate for pregnant or breastfeeding women.

Intake of a variety of foods is recommended to help meet nutrient needs, but a dietary supplement with folic acid also may be necessary. For maintaining healthy bones and teeth women require a variety of calcium foods. It reduces the risk of osteoporosis and also a variety of orthopedic diseases in which bones become weak and breaks easily. An adequate amount of Vitamin D is also necessary, a source of vitamins are fatty fish, salmon, eggs and fortified foods and beverages.

Although growing bodies need plenty of energy in the form of calories, many teenagers and children consume in too many ways. Infants who are obese or overweight are 16 times more likely than healthy weight children to become obese as adults, other findings show. Encouraging girls and young women to be more physically active by reducing high-calorie foods can help balance the energy equation. Beginning at an earlier stage, set a pattern of healthy eating that will carry them through life.

                           

Renal nutrition and Metabolism

The kidney plays an important role in maintaining balance within the body. It is an intrinsic clock regulating and coordinating various functions of organs. Urine formation and excretion are the rhythmic processes carried out by the kidney. Whenever it blocked it has a tremendous effect upon the lipids, amino acids, and other components of the blood in the body and also influences the activity of the drug in the body by the effectiveness of therapy including nutraceuticals and medicinal foods.

The circadian clock in the kidney plays an important role in different metabolic and homeostatic process at the intrarenal systemic levels. Dietary supplements like the ratio of sodium and potassium salt analyze the blood pressure rate and heart rate. Intake of dietary potassium elevates the kidney composed of millions of small tubules that together shifts to fluid area and near to the end of tubes potassium gets secreted to urine. This shift reduces the reabsorption of water and sodium into the body. Thus it is identified that high potassium levels will reduce the amount of sodium and water retention. This pattern will help in regulating the minerals in the body.

The malfunction in renal system may lead to malignancy further will lead to kidney cancer it is otherwise known as renal cell carcinoma. Metabolic proteins present in the nutrition and diet of patients are associated with renal cell carcinoma. Kidney cancer develops a set of malfunctions enzymes get repressed in ccRCC tumor growth in two distinct biochemical pathways are as follows:

·         Conservation of critical molecular cofactor

·         Avoiding toxic accumulation of organic compounds

The enzymes whose activities are depressed are involved in the breakdown of urea; it is a by-product of protein used in a human. Loss of enzymes results in decreasing the ability of the immune system in order to irradiate the growth of tumors. Patients who are affected by kidney disease should be more concerned about their diet plans and quality of life.